Negro Beast Or Made In the Image of God —Charles Carroll's

An Informative Essay on "The Negro Beast"

Charles Carroll's 1900 publication, "The Negro a Beast," presents a controversial and highly inflammatory view on race, using a combination of biblical, scientific, and common-sense arguments. The text aims to prove that the Negro is not a descendant of Adam and Eve but rather a distinct and inferior species created to serve the white race. This essay will dissect the key arguments presented in the book, analyzing the rationale and implications of Carroll's assertions.

Biblical and Scientific Assertions

Carroll begins by addressing the biblical creation narrative, distinguishing between the divine creation and atheistic natural development. He asserts that the Bible, when interpreted correctly, supports the notion that the Negro is not part of the human family descended from Adam and Eve. Instead, he argues that the Negro was created separately as a beast to serve humans (Carroll, 1900, p. 9).

One of Carroll's primary arguments is the interpretation of the biblical "kinds." He suggests that while animals and plants were created "after their kind," humans were created "in the image of God." He uses this distinction to argue that the Negro, possessing different physical and mental characteristics, cannot be part of the same human "kind" as the white race (Carroll, 1900, p. 45).

Physical and Mental Differences

Carroll's argument heavily relies on perceived physical and mental differences between races. He asserts that these differences are so significant that they preclude the possibility of a common ancestry. For example, he highlights differences in skull shape, brain size, and hair texture to argue that Negroes are more similar to apes than to humans (Carroll, 1900, p. 48).

Carroll quotes various scientific sources of his time, including anthropologists and biologists, to support his claims. He argues that the Negro's smaller brain size, prognathous jaw, and woolly hair are indicative of a separate creation. These physical traits, according to Carroll, correlate with mental inferiority and a predisposition for servitude (Carroll, 1900, p. 50).

Theological Implications

The theological implications of Carroll's arguments are profound. By denying the Negro a place in the human family, he effectively argues that they are beyond the reach of salvation and redemption. This perspective aligns with the broader narrative of white supremacy prevalent in the early 20th century, which sought to justify racial segregation and discrimination through religious doctrine (Carroll, 1900, p. 105).

Carroll's interpretation of the Bible suggests that God's plan did not originally include the salvation of the Negro. He contends that the presence of the Negro on Earth is a result of divine will for them to serve the descendants of Adam, who are portrayed as the true image-bearers of God (Carroll, 1900, p. 139).

Critique of Evolution

Carroll vehemently opposes the theory of evolution, particularly as it relates to human origins. He argues that the idea of a common ancestry for all races undermines the biblical account of creation and God's distinct design for different "kinds." By dismissing evolutionary theory, Carroll aims to reinforce the notion of a static and unchangeable racial hierarchy ordained by God (Carroll, 1900, p. 175).

He cites contemporary scientists who reject the theory of evolution, using their work to bolster his argument that the differences between races are too vast to be bridged by natural development. Carroll's rejection of evolution is not merely scientific but also deeply intertwined with his theological stance, aiming to maintain the purity and superiority of the white race as God's chosen people (Carroll, 1900, p. 197).

 Social and Political Ramifications

The social and political ramifications of Carroll's arguments are significant. By dehumanizing the Negro and portraying them as a separate and inferior creation, he provides a pseudo-scientific and theological justification for the systemic racism and segregation of his time. Carroll's work reflects and reinforces the prevailing attitudes of white supremacy, seeking to maintain social hierarchies based on race (Carroll, 1900, p. 227).

Carroll's arguments were intended to resonate with the fears and prejudices of his white readership, reinforcing their sense of superiority and divine favor. This work served to legitimize discriminatory laws and practices, perpetuating a cycle of oppression and inequality that would persist for decades (Carroll, 1900, p. 269).

Conclusion

Charles Carroll's "The Negro a Beast" is a stark example of how religious and scientific rhetoric can be manipulated to justify racial prejudice and discrimination. By interpreting the Bible in a way that excludes the Negro from the human family, Carroll attempts to provide a divine mandate for white supremacy. His arguments, though couched in the language of science and theology, ultimately serve to dehumanize and oppress.

While Carroll's views are now widely discredited and recognized as deeply racist, they remind us of the dangers of using religious and scientific authority to propagate hatred and inequality. It is crucial to critically examine such works, understanding their historical context and the lasting impact they have had on shaping social and racial dynamics.

References

Carroll, C. (1900). *The Negro a Beast*. American Book and Bible House.

The American Psychological Association’s Apology and the Historical Justification of Slavery through Human Hierarchy

The American Psychological Association (APA) issued a profound apology on October 29, 2021, acknowledging its role in promoting and perpetuating systemic racism and human hierarchy in the United States. This apology marks a significant milestone in addressing the historical and ongoing impact of racism within the field of psychology and reflects a broader context of human hierarchy used to justify slavery and other forms of racial discrimination in the U.S.

APA's Historical Role and Apology

The APA's apology acknowledges a long history of complicity in systemic racism, from promoting racial hierarchies to failing to challenge discrimination. The organization admitted its shortcomings in upholding its mission to benefit society and improve lives, recognizing the profound harm caused to people of color. This apology was not just about words but was accompanied by a commitment to concrete actions aimed at rectifying past wrongs and fostering a more equitable future.

One critical aspect of this acknowledgment involves the discipline's roots in promoting and validating racial hierarchies. Psychology, as a scientific field, contributed to the dispossession, exploitation, and marginalization of communities of color by supporting pseudoscientific theories such as eugenics. Early psychological research and practices often reinforced notions of White supremacy, using concepts like intelligence testing to justify racial discrimination.

Historical Justification of Slavery through Human Hierarchy

The justification of slavery in the United States was deeply entwined with the concept of human hierarchy. This idea posited that different races could be ranked based on inherent worth and capabilities, often placing White people at the top of this hierarchy. Such beliefs were not only socially and culturally pervasive but also scientifically endorsed by various fields, including psychology.

During the 19th and early 20th centuries, eugenic theories gained traction, suggesting that racial differences were biologically determined and immutable. Psychologists and other scientists of the time supported these ideas, which provided a convenient rationale for the enslavement and subjugation of Black people. The belief in the natural superiority of the White race and the inherent inferiority of other races justified the brutal system of chattel slavery, where African Americans were considered property rather than human beings.

Prominent psychologists and scholars used intelligence tests and other pseudo-scientific methods to 'prove' the intellectual and moral inferiority of Black people and other racial minorities. These tests were biased and flawed but were used to enforce segregation, limit opportunities, and maintain the status quo of racial oppression.

APA's Commitment to Change

The APA's apology is accompanied by a commitment to dismantling the legacy of racism within psychology and broader society. This includes revising research methodologies, promoting culturally relevant and inclusive practices, and ensuring greater representation and support for psychologists of color. The APA aims to move beyond mere recognition of past harms to active efforts in promoting equity, diversity, and inclusion within the field.

Moreover, the APA has pledged to support ethical scientific research that engages communities of color as equitable partners, ensuring that future studies reflect the lived experiences and perspectives of these communities. This shift is essential in addressing the historical bias and promoting a more inclusive and accurate understanding of human behavior and mental health.

The APA's apology and commitment to action represent an essential step towards rectifying the historical wrongs perpetuated by the field of psychology. By acknowledging its role in promoting human hierarchy and systemic racism, the APA sets a precedent for other institutions to follow. This move towards accountability and transformation is crucial in fostering a more just and equitable society, where the dignity and worth of every individual are recognized and respected. The historical context of human hierarchy used to justify slavery underscores the importance of these efforts in addressing the deep-seated legacy of racism in the United States.

Healing Collective Trauma by Thomas Hubl

"Healing Collective Trauma" by Thomas Hübl provides a framework for understanding and addressing the long-term impacts of collective trauma on groups and societies. Applying this framework to the collective religious trauma and abuse experienced by Black Americans from colonization to contemporary society can offer valuable insights and strategies for healing. Here’s how:

Understanding Collective Religious Trauma and Abuse:

1. Historical Context: Black Americans have faced centuries of systemic oppression, including slavery, segregation, and ongoing racial discrimination. Religious institutions often played a dual role, both as sources of oppression (e.g., justifying slavery) and as centers of resistance and community (e.g., Black churches as places of refuge and activism).

2. Intergenerational Trauma: Hübl emphasizes that trauma can be passed down through generations, not just through direct experiences but also through cultural, societal, and familial channels. Understanding how past traumas continue to affect present generations is crucial for addressing collective religious trauma.

3. Collective Memory and Healing: Collective trauma is stored in the collective memory of a community. Healing involves acknowledging and working through these shared memories. For Black Americans, this might include recognizing the historical traumas experienced within and outside religious contexts and finding ways to honor and heal those wounds.

Healing Approaches from Hübl’s Framework:

1. Creating Safe Spaces for Dialogue: Healing collective trauma requires creating safe spaces where individuals and communities can share their experiences and stories. For Black Americans, this could involve church-led initiatives, community groups, and forums focused on discussing and processing historical and contemporary traumas.

2. Restorative Practices: Hübl advocates for restorative practices that reconnect individuals with their cultural and spiritual roots. This can involve rituals, ceremonies, and community gatherings that honor African traditions and the resilience of Black spirituality.

3. Education and Awareness: Raising awareness about the history and impact of religious trauma is essential. Education initiatives within religious institutions and communities can help individuals understand the historical context and recognize the ongoing effects of trauma.

4. Integrating Contemplative Practices: Hübl incorporates contemplative practices like meditation and mindfulness to help individuals process trauma. Incorporating these practices into religious and community settings can support healing and resilience.

5. Building Community Resilience: Strengthening community bonds and resilience is a key aspect of healing. This involves fostering a sense of solidarity, mutual support, and collective action to address ongoing issues of racial and religious trauma.

Practical Steps for Application:

1. Community Workshops and Retreats: Organize workshops and retreats focused on healing collective trauma, facilitated by trained professionals and community leaders.

2. Storytelling and Testimonies: Encourage storytelling and sharing of personal and collective histories in safe, supportive environments.

3. Cultural and Spiritual Revitalization: Promote cultural and spiritual practices that connect individuals to their heritage and foster a sense of pride and resilience.

4. Policy Advocacy: Advocate for policies and initiatives that address systemic racism and support the healing of collective trauma at institutional and societal levels.

By applying the principles and practices from "Healing Collective Trauma," communities can better understand and address the deep-seated impacts of religious and racial trauma, fostering healing and resilience for future generations.

The Enduring Legacy of the United States Divine Mandate and Project 2025

Anerican Exceptionalism

From Colonialism to Contemporary American Politics and Project 2025

The notion of a divine mandate has long been intertwined with American identity, shaping its historical trajectory and contemporary political ideologies. This belief, deeply rooted in Christian values, has been used to justify actions ranging from the colonization of indigenous lands to modern political agendas. Understanding this legacy helps illuminate how past ideologies continue to influence present-day policies, particularly through initiatives like Project 2025.

Historical Context: Divine Mandate and Colonial Justifications

The concept of a divine mandate first gained prominence during the age of exploration and colonization. European colonizers, driven by the desire for economic gain and territorial expansion, often framed their conquests as a religious mission. This narrative posited that Europeans were divinely chosen to civilize and Christianize the “heathen” populations of the New World. The brutality of colonization—including the displacement, enslavement, and cultural erasure of indigenous peoples—was thus masked by the ostensibly noble goal of spreading Christianity.

In the United States, this ideology evolved into what became known as Manifest Destiny in the 19th century. Manifest Destiny was the belief that Americans were destined by God to expand across North America, spreading their democratic and Christian values. This doctrine justified the forced removal of Native Americans from their ancestral lands, as well as the annexation of vast territories. Proponents argued that this expansion was not only inevitable but also morally righteous, as it was seen as fulfilling a divine plan.

The Role of Religion in Justifying Slavery

The divine mandate was also invoked to justify the institution of slavery. Many American slaveholders contended that slavery was sanctioned by the Bible and that enslaving Africans was a way to introduce them to Christianity and “civilization.” This religious justification helped sustain the brutal and dehumanizing system of chattel slavery, further entrenching racial hierarchies and systemic oppression.

Continuation of Divine Mandate Ideology in Modern Politics

The belief in America’s divine mandate did not vanish with the end of the 19th century. It continues to manifest in contemporary political rhetoric and policies, often framed within the context of American exceptionalism and Christian values. This is particularly evident in initiatives like Project 2025, a policy framework developed by The Heritage Foundation for a potential future conservative administration.

Project 2025: A Modern Iteration of Divine Mandate

Project 2025, outlined in “Mandate for Leadership: The Conservative Promise,” advocates for a series of policy recommendations that resonate with the historical ideology of a divine mandate. The document emphasizes the importance of restoring and protecting traditional American values, which it closely associates with Christian principles. Several key themes highlight this continuity:

1. Emphasis on Christian Values: The document frequently references Christian values as fundamental to American identity and governance. This mirrors the historical use of Christianity to justify expansionist and colonial policies, suggesting that modern America still views its mission through a divine lens.

2. Opposition to Progressive Ideologies: Project 2025 strongly opposes critical race theory (CRT) and diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) initiatives, arguing that they promote division and undermine traditional values. This opposition reflects a broader resistance to acknowledging and addressing the legacies of slavery and systemic racism, akin to historical justifications that sought to minimize these issues in favor of a more triumphant narrative of American exceptionalism.

3. Patriotic Education: The document calls for a return to patriotic education that emphasizes America’s founding ideals and achievements. This approach often involves downplaying or reframing the history of slavery and systemic racism, similar to how colonial narratives justified brutal practices under the guise of spreading civilization and Christianity.

4. American Exceptionalism: Project 2025 underscores the belief in American exceptionalism, the idea that the United States is uniquely positioned and divinely chosen to lead the world. This belief supports the notion that American policies are inherently just and moral, reflecting a continuation of the divine mandate ideology.

The Impact of Divine Mandate Ideology on Policy

The ideological continuity from colonial justifications to contemporary policies like those advocated in Project 2025 has significant implications. It perpetuates a narrative that American actions are divinely sanctioned and morally superior, which can justify exclusionary and regressive policies. For instance, the push for stricter immigration controls and the emphasis on traditional values often marginalize minority communities and downplay the ongoing impacts of historical injustices.

Conclusion

The legacy of the divine mandate, rooted in Christian values and used to justify colonialism, remains a powerful force in American political ideology. Initiatives like Project 2025 illustrate how this belief continues to shape policy and public discourse. By understanding this historical context, we can better recognize the implications of framing American actions within a narrative of divine destiny and work towards a more inclusive and honest appraisal of the nation’s past and present.

Deconstruction and Deconversion

A Comparative Analysis The journey from religious belief to non-belief is often marked by two critical processes: deconstruction and deconversion. While these terms are sometimes used interchangeably, they represent distinct stages and experiences in the transition from faith to secularism. This essay aims to explore the nuances between deconstruction and deconversion, highlighting their psychological, behavioral,…

A Comparative Analysis

The journey from religious belief to non-belief is often marked by two critical processes: deconstruction and deconversion. While these terms are sometimes used interchangeably, they represent distinct stages and experiences in the transition from faith to secularism. This essay aims to explore the nuances between deconstruction and deconversion, highlighting their psychological, behavioral, and social dimensions.

Deconstruction: Unraveling the Fabric of Belief

Deconstruction refers to the critical examination and dismantling of one’s religious beliefs and doctrines. This process is often catalyzed by cognitive dissonance, a psychological state where conflicting beliefs or new information challenge the coherence of one’s existing belief system.

Cognitive Dissonance and Critical Examination

Cognitive dissonance is central to the deconstruction process. It arises when an individual’s beliefs are confronted by contradictory evidence or experiences. For instance, a believer might encounter scientific evidence that contradicts their religious teachings, or they might observe ethical behaviors in non-believers that challenge the moral superiority often claimed by their faith . This dissonance prompts a critical examination of religious texts, doctrines, and practices.

Intellectual and Emotional Journey

Deconstruction is both an intellectual and emotional journey. Intellectually, individuals engage with diverse perspectives, read extensively, and often debate or discuss their doubts with others. Emotionally, this process can be tumultuous, involving feelings of guilt, fear, confusion, and eventually, a sense of liberation . The liberation comes from shedding dogmatic beliefs and embracing a more nuanced and personally resonant worldview.

Identity and Belief System Transformation

Religion often forms a core part of an individual’s identity. Deconstruction leads to an identity crisis as individuals struggle to redefine themselves outside the religious framework. This transformation involves reconstructing a belief system that aligns more closely with personal values and lived experiences, rather than inherited doctrines .

Deconversion: Transition to Non-Belief

Deconversion follows deconstruction and involves a more comprehensive shift in identity, behavior, and community. It is the process of transitioning from religious belief to non-belief or adopting a different set of spiritual or philosophical views.

Behavioral Changes and New Practices

Deconversion is marked by significant behavioral changes. Individuals who deconvert often abandon religious practices and rituals. For example, they might stop attending church services, praying, or adhering to religious dietary laws. Instead, they might adopt behaviors that were previously forbidden or discouraged by their religious teachings, such as exploring secular hobbies, consuming different forms of media, or engaging in new social activities .

Loss of Community and Social Stigma

One of the most significant challenges of deconversion is the potential loss of community. Religious groups often provide a sense of belonging and support. Leaving this community can lead to feelings of isolation and loneliness. Additionally, deconverts may face social stigma, particularly in communities where religious belief is the norm. They might encounter judgment, ostracism, or strained relationships with family and friends who remain devout .

Search for Meaning and Psychological Growth

Without the framework of religion, deconverts may struggle to find new sources of meaning and purpose. This search can be both daunting and exhilarating, as it opens up the possibility for new philosophies, ideologies, and personal growth. Many individuals report increased self-awareness, a deeper understanding of their values, and a greater sense of personal authenticity following deconversion .

Comparative Analysis

While deconstruction and deconversion are interconnected, they represent different aspects of the journey from faith to non-belief.

Deconstruction as a Cognitive and Intellectual Process

Deconstruction is primarily an internal, cognitive process. It involves questioning and critically examining one’s beliefs, often leading to significant intellectual and emotional shifts. The focus is on resolving cognitive dissonance and reconstructing a belief system that aligns with personal experiences and values.

Deconversion as a Behavioral and Social Transition

In contrast, deconversion is more external and practical. It encompasses changes in behavior, identity, and community. Deconverts move away from religious practices and communities, often facing social challenges but also experiencing personal growth and newfound freedom.

Interrelationship and Sequence

Typically, deconstruction precedes deconversion. The critical examination of beliefs (deconstruction) sets the stage for the more comprehensive shift in identity and behavior (deconversion). However, the experiences of deconstruction and deconversion can overlap, with individuals revisiting their beliefs and behaviors as they navigate their journey.

Conclusion

Deconstruction and deconversion are integral to understanding the transition from religious belief to non-belief. Deconstruction involves the intellectual and emotional work of re-evaluating one’s beliefs, driven by cognitive dissonance. Deconversion follows as a behavioral and social transition, marked by changes in practices, community, and personal identity. Both processes, while challenging, offer opportunities for profound personal growth, greater self-awareness, and the creation of a more authentic and fulfilling life.

References

1. Festinger, L. (1957). A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Stanford University Press.

2. McLaren, B. (2004). A Generous Orthodoxy. Zondervan.

3. Evans, R. (2018). Faith Unraveled: How a Girl Who Knew All the Answers Learned to Ask Questions. Zondervan.

4. Barker, D. (1992). Losing Faith in Faith: From Preacher to Atheist. Freedom From Religion Foundation.

5. Dennett, D. C. (2006). Breaking the Spell: Religion as a Natural Phenomenon. Viking.

6. Marlene Winell. (2012). Leaving the Fold: A Guide for Former Fundamentalists and Others Leaving Their Religion. Apocryphile Press.

7. Fitzgerald, D. (2010). Nailed: Ten Christian Myths That Show Jesus Never Existed at All. Lulu.com.

8. Zuckerman, P. (2011). Faith No More: Why People Reject Religion. Oxford University Press.

Black Religious Trauma and Abuse

“The Center for Black Religious Trauma and Abuse (CBRTA) is a dedicated research and study hub for professionals and individuals addressing the complex issues of religious and spiritual abuse, both historical and contemporary in the Black community. Recognizing the unique and profound historical context of Black trauma and abuse, the CBRTA acknowledges that these experiences extend far beyond the colonization of the United States, encompassing deep historical and epigenetic dimensions. There is a collective trauma we must advocate to heal. As mentioned in #thomashubl book “Healing Collective Wound: A Process for Integrating Our Intergenerstional and Cultural Wounbs..”

The CBRTA mission is to offer specialized support, resources, and advocacy specifically tailored to the unique experiences of Black individuals. We focus on the compounded effects of centuries of religious and spiritual abuse, aiming to provide comprehensive assistance that addresses both the psychological and cultural impacts. Through research, education, and community engagement, the CBRTA strives to empower those affected by these traumas, fostering healing and resilience within Black communities.”